Flu doesn't die out, it hides out

ANN ARBOR, May of 2010: Every autumn, as predictably as falling leaves, flu season descends upon us. Every spring, just as predictably, the season comes to a close. This cyclical pattern, common in temperate regions, is well known, but the driving forces behind it have been in question.

Do existing strains die off each spring, only to be replaced each fall by new founding strains from other parts of the world, or does a "hidden chain of sickness" persist over the summer, seeding the next season's epidemic? A genetic analysis by University of Michigan postdoctoral fellow Trevor Bedford and colleagues at U-M, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Florida State University reveals that in the United States, not all strains of influenza die off at the end of winter; some move southward to South America, and some migrate even farther. The paper was published online May 27 in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens.

“The prevailing view that has developed over the past three years or so is the out-of-tropics hypothesis, in which the strains that bring about each temperate flu season originate from China and Southeast Asia, where influenza A is less seasonal," Bedford said. He and his colleagues tested that hypothesis by analyzing genetic sequences from influenza A (H3N2) viruses collected from patients around the world between 1998 and 2009 and constructing a tree showing relationships among the viruses. The resulting mathematical model accounted for evolutionary processes and rates of migration.   

“We found that although China and Southeast Asia play the largest role in the influenza A migration network, temperate regions—particularly the USA—also make important contributions," Bedford said. Rather than dying off at the end of our flu season, many strains simply move on to more favorable environments.

The results have implications for public health efforts aimed at combating the disease. For example, the new knowledge that influenza frequently migrates out of the U.S. argues for caution in using antivirals, which can promote development of drug-resistant strains. If, as previously thought, those strains died out at the end of the season, they would not be a problem, but their newly-discovered ability to survive and circulate means resistant strains can spread from the U.S. throughout the world. On the flip side, the finding also means that vaccination programs outside of China and Southeast Asia can be effective in curbing influenza's spread.

In addition, growing knowledge about patterns of flu migration eventually may make it possible to tailor vaccines to particular locations, Bedford said. “We found, for instance, that South America gets almost all of its flu from North America. This would suggest that rather than giving South America the same vaccine that the rest of the world gets, you could construct a vaccine preferentially from the strains that were circulating in North America the previous season. As we gather more data from other regions, this could be done for the entire world.”

The research also can inform disease surveillance, Bedford said. "By doing this kind of research, we get a clearer idea of where in the world flu is actually coming from. We know that it's mostly Southeast Asia, but now we see that it can come out of temperate regions as well, so our surveillance needs to become more global."

Bedford's coauthors on the paper are postdoctoral fellow Sarah Cobey, professor Peter Beerli of Florida State University, and Mercedes Pascual, who is the Rosemary Grant Collegiate Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.

The research was funded by Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.

A la captura de átomos Rydberg gigantes para computadoras quantum más rápidas

La gripe no muere, se esconde
ANN ARBOR, Michigan: Cada otoño, con tanta puntualidad y certidumbre como la caída de las hojas de los árboles, la temporada de gripe desciende sobre nosotros. Cada primavera, y de forma igualmente predecible, la temporada concluye. Este patrón cíclico, común en las regiones templadas, es bien conocido, pero las fuerzas que lo causan han sido motivo de debate.

¿Es que las cepas de la gripe mueren en cada primavera y son reemplazadas por nuevas cepas de otras partes del mundo o es que durante el verano persiste una “cadena oculta de enfermedad” que siembra la epidemia de la próxima temporada? Un análisis genético llevado a cabo por Trevor Bedford, un doctorado de la Universidad de Michigan, y colegas de la UM, el Instituto Médico Howard Hughes y la Universidad estatal de Florida revela que en Estados Unidos no todas las cepas de gripe mueren al final de cada invierno, algunas se trasladan hacia América del Sur y otras migran aún más lejos. El artículo se publica el 27 de mayo en la revista de acceso abierto Public Library of Science Pathogens

“La opinión dominante que se ha desarrollado a lo largo de los últimos tres años más o menos es la hipótesis que se ubica afuera de los trópicos y sostiene que las cepas que causan cada temporada de gripe en regiones templadas se originan en China y el sudeste de Asia donde el virus de la gripe A es menos estacional”, dijo Bedford. Él y sus colegas pusieron a prueba esta hipótesis analizando las secuencias genéticas de virus de gripe A (H3N2) recolectados de pacientes de todo el mundo entre 1988 y 2009, y construyendo un “árbol genealógico” que muestra las relaciones entre los virus. El modelo matemático resultante da cuenta de los procesos de evolución y las tasas de migración.

“Encontramos que si bien China y el sudeste de Asia desempeñan el papel mayor en la red de migración de la gripe A, las regiones templadas, particularmente en Estados Unidos, también hacen contribuciones importantes”, dijo Bedford. En lugar de morir al término de una temporada de gripe, muchas cepas simplemente se trasladan a ambientes más favorables.

Los resultados tienen implicaciones para los esfuerzos de salud pública apuntados a combatir la enfermedad. Por ejemplo el nuevo conocimiento de que la gripe, frecuente, migra afuera de EEUU sugiere la conveniencia de una mayor cautela en el uso de fármacos antivirales que pueden promover el desarrollo de cepas resistentes a esos fármacos.

Si, como se pensaba antes, estas cepas murieran al término de la estación, no serían un problema, pero su capacidad recién descubierta de sobrevivir y circular significa que las cepas resistentes a los medicamentos pueden propagarse desde Estados Unidos a todo el mundo. Por otra parte, estas conclusiones también significan que los programas de vacunación afuera de China y del sudeste de Asia pueden ser eficaces para disminuir la propagación de la gripe.

Además un conocimiento creciente de los patrones de migración de la gripe eventualmente hará  posible la adecuación de las vacunas a regiones particulares, dijo Bedford.

“Encontramos, por ejemplo, que América del Sur recibe casi toda su gripe desde América del Norte”, indicó. “Esto indicaría que, en lugar de dar en América del Sur la misma vacuna que se distribuye en todo el mundo, se podría producir de manera preferente vacunas de las cepas que estuvieron circulando en América del Norte en la temporada anterior. A medida que recolectamos más datos de otras regiones, esto podría hacerse para todo el mundo”.

La investigación  también puede incorporarse a la vigilancia de esta enfermedad, señaló Bedford.

“Con este tipo de investigación tenemos una idea más clara de dónde procede, realmente, la gripe en el mundo. Sabemos que procede, mayormente, del sudeste de Asia pero también vemos que puede provenir de regiones templadas, de manera que nuestra vigilancia debe hacerse más global”, dijo.

Los coautores con Bedfor del artículo son la doctorada Sarah Cobey, el profesor Peter Beerli de la Universidad estatal de Florida, y Mercedes Pascual quien es Profesora Colegiada de la Dotación Rosemary en Ecología y Biología Evolucionaria e investigadora en el Instituto Médico Howard Hughes.

La investigación la financiaron el Instituto Médico Howard Hughes, los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias.

We'd like to know what you think about this article. Please leave your comments below so we can share your thoughts with other visitors. 

alice123

[email protected]

Thursday, May 10, 2012

http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-khaki-suede-sublime-rose-sandals-p-3.html Yves Saint Laurent Khaki Suede 'Sublime' Rose Sandals , http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-black-satin-tribute-platform-peeptoe-sanda-p-8.html Yves saint Laurent black satin 'Tribute' platform peep-toe sanda , http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-tribtoo-platform-pumps-p-13.html Yves Saint Laurent Tribtoo Platform Pumps , http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-tribtoo-patent-platform-pumps-white-p-12.html Yves Saint Laurent Tribtoo Patent Platform Pumps White , http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-tribtoo-suede-platform-pumps-red-p-16.html Yves Saint Laurent Tribtoo Suede Platform Pumps Red , http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-patent-leather-stingray-tribute-sandals-bule-p-11.html Yves Saint Laurent Patent Leather Stingray Tribute Sandals bule , http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-black-patent-leather-cage-platform-sandals-p-7.html Yves Saint Laurent black patent leather 'Cage' platform sandals , http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-patent-leather-stingray-tribute-sandals-p-10.html Yves Saint Laurent Patent Leather Stingray Tribute Sandals , http://theshoppingshoes.com/yves-saint-laurent-tribute-patentleather-sandals-red-p-4.html Yves Saint Laurent Tribute Patent-Leather Sandals Red ,

DFAFD

[email protected]

Monday, April 09, 2012

<p> <span id="result_box" lang="en">2012 new <strong>Coach Bags</strong> are already on the line.These beautiful bags make <a href="http://www.coachoutlet2012storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet Online</strong></a>'s customers praise, because the customers can enjoy the authentic quality at low cost.You do not need to pay an expensive price, because <a href="http://www.coachoutlet2012storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet</strong></a> products all are at discount sales.You do not need to worry about is not genuine, because <a href="http://www.coachoutlet2012storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet</strong></a> products are the same to Coach Official.You do not have to worry about our service, because we have 24 hours customer service and dedication to serve you.So you still hesitating?Come to our <a href="http://www.coachoutlet2012storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet Online Store</strong></a> to purchase your favorite <strong>Coach Bag</strong>!</span></p> <p><span id="result_box" lang="en">American brand Coach loved by the people, not just Americans, a lot of people around the world are Coach fans.Some people may choose to go to the Coach official store to buy, but the high price prohibitive for many consumers. Now many people go to <a href="http://www.outlet4coach.net/"><strong>Coach Outlet Store Online</strong></a>, as long as 59.99 dollars, you can buy Coach Bag the same to Coach official store.A lot of <a href="http://www.outlet4coach.net/"><strong>Coach Outlet</strong></a>'s customer have proven this is not a scam! All bags of <a href="http://www.outlet4coach.net/"><strong>Coach Outlet Online</strong></a> from the Coach China Factory, without any tax, sales to all over the world.The quality of <a href="http://www.outlet4coach.net/"><strong>Coach Outlet Online</strong></a>'s bags is absolutely guaranteed, if you have any questions you can apply for the return.Welcome to join <a href="http://www.outlet4coach.net/"><strong>Coach Outlet Store Online</strong></a>.</span></p> <p><span id="result_box" lang="en"><a href="http://www.coachoutlet4storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet</strong></a> sell the best quality and lowest price bag for customer.This is <a href="http://www.coachoutlet4storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet Store Online</strong></a>'s philosophy!We sell <strong>Coach Bags</strong> have been five years, the customer to buy with us on our evaluation are very good.<a href="http://www.coachoutlet4storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet Online</strong></a>'s customers are mostly from the U.S., our corporate headquarters in the United States.All <a href="http://www.coachoutlet4storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet Online</strong></a>'s bags from the coach factories in China, quality is guaranteed.Mail from China arrived in the United States takes about 5-7 days.As long as you order over 99 dollars, you can not pay the postage.If you are interested in our products, can use e-mail us or visit our <a href="http://www.coachoutlet4storeonline.com/"><strong>Coach Outlet</strong></a>.</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.hermesbagsoutlet3.com/"><strong>Hermes Handbags</strong></a> is the most valuable bag in fashion world, as the world’s most expensive brand, if you have one, that must stand that you are a good station person in your country, Hermes is famous of it’s <a href="http://www.hermesbagsoutlet3.com/"><strong>Hermes Handbags</strong></a> , as the hermes handbag’s high qulity and best design, maybe the price is the best in the world.Two series of hermes is popular, that is <a href="http://www.hermesbagsoutlet3.com/"><strong>Hermes Kelly Bags</strong></a> , and <a href="http://www.hermesbagsoutlet3.com/"><strong>Hermes Birkin Bags</strong></a> , this two series make Hermes more popular, so visit our site to get elegant <a href="http://www.hermesbagsoutlet3.com/"><strong>Hermes Bags</strong></a>.</p> <p> <a href="http://www.louisvuittonsale-usa.com/"><strong>Louis Vuitton Online Store</strong></a> are amazing shopping site in this world, because through it, you can bought the <a href="http://www.louisvuittonsale-usa.com/"><strong>Louis Vuitton Outlet</strong></a> handbag in an incredible price, maybe a new way to get <a href="http://www.louisvuittonsale-usa.com/"><strong>Louis Vuitton Outlet</strong></a> Handbag, that is <a href="http://www.louisvuittonsale-usa.com/"><strong>Louis Vuitton Online </strong></a>, as I understand they take the bag from Louis vuitton factory, no tax, no house rent, no compete, these make the price lower then louis vuitton online shop, so why not shop the <a href="http://www.louisvuittonsale-usa.com/"><strong>Louis Vuitton Online</strong></a>, amazing Louis Vuitton handbag are belong to you. </p>

Womens Nike Shox

[email protected]

Sunday, April 08, 2012

Competing to dig package (pockets), but also to local government, tourism quite profitable, http://www.2012nikeshoxcheap.com/ but sustainable development of the local ecological protection, the protection of the rights of tourists, tourism,

Coach Factory Outlet

[email protected]

Thursday, March 29, 2012

http://www.coachfactory-outletonlines.net http://www.cheap-vouisvuittonbagso.net http://www.coachoutletstores-onlinez.net http://www.louisvuitton-bags-2012.net http://www.coachoutletsonline-usa.com http://www.louisvuitton-outlet-2012.net

nike sneaker

[email protected]

Monday, March 26, 2012

The newer Shox series is compatible with "Nike+ technology." <a href="http://www.sneakerb.com"> Cheap Nike Shox Shoes </a> The Nike Shox Saya+ is the most recent Shox with this feature. <a href="http://www.sneakerb.com"> Nike Shox Shoes Sale </a> The new Nike Shox Q'Vida Hi shoe is a new woman's "dance boot" implementation of Shox. <a href="http://www.sneakerb.com"> Nike Shox NZ Shoes </a> Actor Hugh Laurie of Fox's House is said to have 37 pairs of size 12½ Shox that he wears on the show and off set.[citation needed] <a href="http://www.sneakerb.com"> Nike Shox R4 Shoes </a> Athletes that are notable for wearing shoes with Shox technology include Alex Rodriguez, Vince Carter, Jermaine O'Neal, David M. West and Carlos Boozer. <a href="http://www.mynikef.com"> Air Foamposite 1 Shoes Sale </a> <a href="http://www.sneakerf.com"> Nike Air Max 95 Shoes </a> <a href="http://www.nikexp.com"> Nike Air Jordan Sale </a>

cheap shox shoes

[email protected]

Thursday, March 08, 2012

Although the World <a href="http://www.cheapshoxr4.com"><b>Cheap Shox Shoes</b></a> Exposition has already opened more than a months, a life time Bo the visitor of the park is still quite a few.The SisectionpullstowearAnne to step T-shirt and pull a jade tree the child get into a life time Bo park, the abnormality is refreshing <a href="http://www.cheapshoxr4.com"><b>Nike Shox Cheap</b></a> in the crowd.Can not help letting peoplethink of Yao Ming's hand of Olympic Games opening ceremony leads long the a moment that the earthquake luckily survive childofSichuangetsintoanest.Manypeople halt enough to watch and even loudly make the Si <a href="http://www.cheapshoxr4.com/nike-shox-r4-mens-shoes-c-4.html"><b>cheap nike shox r4 for sale</b></a> section pull of name.Seem in Yao Ming's home town, the Si section pulls of the popularityisreallyvery prosperous.The Si section pulled to soon is Argentine building with the pedestrian member, the <a href="http://www.cheapshoxr4.com/nike-shox-r4-mens-shoes-c-4.html"><b>sale nike shox r4</b></a> Si sectionpulledtofarandfarseetheexhibitionbuildingofoneself'smotherland, excitedly be like a kid, continuously and the jade tree child, who go together, open fun.Is this <a href="http://www.cheapshoxr4.com/cheap-nike-shox-r4-mens-shoes-black-gold-p-126.html"><b>shox r4 for cheap</b></a> style of and car Si the jointly luxurious suitto Martin postpone to sell date again and again, finally will arrive at our in front now!Nike Kobe Bryant x Aston Martin Pack will on June 12, <a href="http://www.cheapshoxr4.com/cheap-nike-shox-r4-mens-shoes-black-red-p-127.html"><b>shox r4 shoes</b></a> 201011:00sell, sell store to include Colour store in Tienjin, Peking is second new and positive fire store inPeking,adopttolineuptotakeoutasellingofnumbermethod.World the capacity is 500 pairs, sell <a href="http://www.cheapshoxr4.com/cheap-nike-shox-r4-mens-shoes-black-silver-p-128.html"><b>nike shox r4</b></a> the price as 2488 dollars(do not accept to pay by card, schedule to and the telephone ask to inquire),likeofshoe the fans preparation line up!Become sports shoes designer to believe that futures <a href="http://www.cheapshoxr4.com/cheap-nike-shox-r4-mens-shoes-grey-black-p-129.html"><b>nike shox r4 cheap</b></a> soles that is numerous dreams that the sneakers pursue, butisheldbythe nike designing a big match is exactly the bridges that lead to this dream.The start has already become the best satge of the youngmanofthosepassionsports shoes designs demonstration oneself uncommon creativity gradually after 3 developments at the game in 2007 and truelyprovidestheplatformandopportunity of Jin body design boundary for them.

nike shox for cheap

[email protected]

Thursday, March 08, 2012

The Air for <a href="http://www.pickshoxsneaker.com"><b>Nike Shox On Sale</b></a> releasing Jordan the 1 Retro Hi KO adopted black red classic match, the shoe top makes use of deluxecanvas material, and adopt do very severely old processing, but make people's surprise of is a bottom in the shoes just did to oxidize a <a href="http://www.pickshoxsneaker.com"><b>Nike Shox For Sale</b></a> processing,makewhole do old very natural, the vantage style with sheer feeling.ESPN cooperates one of the United States' biggest cartoon companiesrecentlyMarvel,cooperation release NBA new the match quarter publicity painting, 30 ball teams <a href="http://www.pickshoxsneaker.com/nike-shox-r4-mens-shoes-c-4.html"><b>cheap nike shox r4</b></a> all have a rightness should of publicity painting, pay ball teams toallusethe super hero of Marvel company inner part each time to should, publicizee to paint a breeze young tiger fierce, the lines is <a href="http://www.pickshoxsneaker.com/nike-shox-r4-mens-shoes-c-4.html"><b>cheap nike shox r4 for men</b></a> crude anduncivilized,haveavery strong American style.The Marvel company is together North America region and DC cartoon the cartoon tycoon of , underneath own superheroofmorethan5000s like 《magic four <a href="http://www.pickshoxsneaker.com/cheap-nike-shox-r4-men-shoes-silver-black-white-p-118.html"><b>shox r4 women's shoes</b></a> Xias 》, 《 spider Xia and green giant 》, 《 steel Xia and night evil Xia and American captain 》 and 《X police 》 ,etcs of therole be called "House of Ideas".With last century <a href="http://www.pickshoxsneaker.com/cheap-nike-shox-r4-sport-shoes-for-men-black-white-p-119.html"><b>shox r4 mens shoes</b></a> 80, in 90's the group of heroes combines of basketball shoes gold the age compare, NBA sports shoesmarketin present can say is have nothing good to report.Along with reebok and <a href="http://www.pickshoxsneaker.com/cheap-nike-shox-r4-sneakers-for-men-white-black-p-120.html"><b>shox r4 womens shoes</b></a> and 1 wait the comedown of two line brands, nikeandadidastwogreatestbrandshavealready presented the power of monopoly in the share of NBA sports shoes market.Recently, the hoopshype.com <a href="http://www.pickshoxsneaker.com/cheap-nike-shox-r4-shoes-for-men-white-yellow-p-121.html"><b>shox r4 shoes for men</b></a> released an origin match the ranking of NBAsports shoes brand for quarter, although the placard list statistics and shoe style name up exist many mistakes, basic reflected the whole situationofcurrent NBA sports shoes market.

HOT

[email protected]

Wednesday, March 07, 2012

You deserve the best! Spectacular Christian Louboutin shoes as the best fashion footwear are exuberantly interpreting all the loved elements that we women craved! Get a pair right now online from Christian Louboutin Ireland at such cheap price with free shipping, you will never regret, yet on the contrary, you will be always be proud of your option! Slip your lovely toes into these super fashion and high performance Louboutin shoes, you will feel like walk on the air. Of course, these uniquely designed shoes also will make you the stand out in the streets and among your fellow! Now just do not let this never come back Christian Louboutin sale time slip away! http://www.louboutinshoes2ie.com Ralph Lauren outlet online store with a pretty exciting and favorable RL sweaters, hoodies, jackets and polo shirts online to offer customers of all over the word a great chance to order their best loved and cherished Polo Ralph Lauren at the cheapest discount price and best genuine quality. Sassy, comfortable and easy to wearing, but also with an elegant atmosphere, this is the most enjoyable of RL apparel advantage, visit Ralph Lauren Sale online and easily get your desiring Ralph Lauren items with free shipping. http://www.ralphlaurens-style.com

dhsr

[email protected]

Tuesday, January 17, 2012

identity london watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ breo watchhttp://www.wetwatches.com/ skagen watchhttp://www.wetwatches.com/ pocket watches for salehttp://www.wetwatches.com/ nurses watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ hublot watchhttp://www.wetwatches.com/hublot-watches.html breitling ukhttp://www.wetwatches.com/breitling-watches.html obaku watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ outdoor watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ armitron watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ disney watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ binary watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ daytona rolexhttp://www.wetwatches.com/rolex-day_date-watches.html heart rate monitor watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ ebel watcheshttp://www.wetwatches.com/ebel-watches.html

We reserve the right to delete or edit any comments we find inappropriate.
Copyright © 2010 by [LaPrensa Newspaper]. All rights reserved.
Revised: 05/10/12 00:44:46 -0700.