Spanking sparks aggression, does not reduce children’s behavior problems

ANN ARBOR, March 31, 2010: Discipline – whether it’s spanking, yelling or giving time-outs – may sometimes do little to reduce children’s behavior problems, a new study indicates.

The study – which involved researchers from six universities, including the University of Michigan – looked at practices and perceptions of discipline in six countries. Spanking led to more child aggression and anxiety, regardless of the country, said Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, U-M associate professor of social work.

So what should parents do to teach children right from wrong?

“It may be that the long-term investments that we make in children, like spending time with them, showing that we love them, and listening to them, have a more powerful positive effect on behavior than any form of discipline,” he said.

The study examined the associations of discipline techniques with children’s aggressive and anxious behaviors from mothers and children from in China, India, Italy, Kenya, Philippines, and Thailand.

Unlike other studies, this project collected information from both mothers and their children. Participants included 292 mothers and their 8- to 12-year-old children.

Researchers used the sample to address two questions:
• When multiple discipline techniques are considered at the same time, which forms of discipline emerge as having the strongest associations with children’s aggressive and anxious behaviors?
• Are significant associations between discipline practices and child behaviors moderated by the extent to which mothers and children perceive these practices to be normal in their communities?

The 11 discipline techniques analyzed were: teach about good and bad behavior; get child to apologize; give a time-out; take away privileges, spank; express disappointment; shame; yell/scold; withdraw love for misbehavior; threaten punishment or promise a treat/privilege.

Mothers and children were asked was about the frequency with which others in their communities used each discipline technique.

“When children perceive a discipline technique to be (normal) within their culture or community, they may be less likely to evaluate their parents’ use of it as aberrant or objectionable,” the study conjectured.

Grogan-Kaylor said the research showed that the relationship of some kinds of discipline with behavior problems varied according to how common use of that type of discipline was in the community.  However, despite these small variations, there was a strong consistency in the results across countries.

The bottom line: giving a time-out, using corporal punishment, expressing disappointment and shaming were significantly related to greater child anxiety symptoms. Child aggression resulted from spanking, expressing disappointment and yelling, the study said.

Researchers include: lead author Elizabeth Gershoff, University of Texas at Austin; Jennifer Lansford and Kenneth Dodge, Duke University; Arnaldo Zelli, Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie; Lei Chang, Chinese University of Hong Kong; and Kirby Deater-Deckard, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

The findings appear in the March/April issue of Child Development.

 

Las nalgadas promueven la agresión, no reducen los problemas de conducta de los niños

ANN ARBOR: Los castigos, ya sean nalgadas, gritos o penitencias, a veces poco sirven para reducir los problemas de conducta de los niños, según un nuevo estudio.
             La investigación, que involucró a académicos en seis universidades incluida la de Michigan, observó las prácticas y percepciones de los castigos en seis países. Las nalgadas condujeron a más agresión y ansiedad infantil, independientemente del país, dijo Andrew Grogan Taylor, profesor asociado de trabajo social en la UM.
             Entonces ¿qué deben hacer los padres y las madres para enseñar a los niños la diferencia entre lo correcto y lo incorrecto?
             “Bien puede ser que las inversiones de largo plazo que hacemos en nuestros hijos, como por ejemplo el pasar tiempo con ellos mostrándoles que los queremos, y el escucharlos, tengan sobre la conducta un efecto más poderoso que cualquier forma de castigo”, dijo.
             El estudio examinó las vinculaciones de las técnicas de castigo con los comportamientos agresivos y ansiosos de los niños, en madres y niños de China, India, Italia, Kenia, las Filipinas y Tailandia.
             A diferencia de otros estudios este proyecto recogió información tanto de la madre como de sus hijos. Los participantes incluyeron 292 madres y sus hijos e hijas de 8 a 12 años de edad.
             

Los investigadores usaron la muestra para enfocar dos cuestiones:
• Cuando se consideran al mismo tiempo múltiples técnicas de castigo ¿cuáles formas de disciplina emergen como las que tienen las vinculaciones más firmes con los comportamientos agresivos y ansiosos de los niños?
• ¿Existen asociaciones significativas entre las prácticas de castigo y los comportamientos infantiles moderados por la medida en que las madres y los niños perciben que estas prácticas son normales en sus comunidades?

Las once técnicas de castigo analizadas fueron: enseñanza sobre lo que es buena y mala conducta; hacer que el niño o la niña pida perdón; tiempo en penitencia; supresión de algún privilegio; nalgadas o bofetadas; expresión de disgusto y decepción; avergonzar al niño; gritos; retiro del afecto debido a la mala conducta, amenaza de castigo o promesa de recompensa.
Se les preguntó a las madres y a los niños acerca de la frecuencia con que otras personas en sus comunidades usaban cada una de las técnicas de castigo.
             “Cuando los niños perciben que una técnica de castigo es normal en su cultura o comunidad, es menos probable que evalúen como aberrante o objetable el uso que su madre haga de ella , según  el estudio.
             Grogan Taylor dijo que la investigación mostró que la relación de algunos tipos de castigo con los problemas de comportamiento variaban dependiendo de cuán común sea el uso de ese tipo de disciplina dentro de la comunidad. Sin embargo, a pesar de estas variaciones pequeñas, hubo una coherencia firme en los resultados en todos los países.
La conclusión básica es que las penitencias, el uso de castigo corporal, la expresión de decepción/disgusto y el avergonzar al niño están relacionados significativamente con mayores síntomas de ansiedad. La agresión infantil fue resultado de las nalgadas, la expresión de decepción y las griterías, añadió el estudio.
             Los investigadores incluyen a la autora principal Elizabeth Gershoff de la Universidad de Texas en Austin; Jennifer Lansford y Kenneth Dodge, de la Universidad Duke; Arnaldo Zelli del Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie; Lei Chang de la Universidad China en Hong Kong, y Kirby Deater Deckard, del Instituto Politécnico y Universidad estatal de Virginia.
             Las conclusiones se publican en la edición de marzo/abril de la revista Child Development.
 

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